Acknowledgements
Funding/support of this project was provided by:
References
Anderson, M.J. 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology 26: 32-46.
Anderson, M.J. 2005. PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Comeau, P.G., C.N. Filipescu, R. Kabzems and C. DeLong. 2004. Early growth of white spruce underplanted beneath spaced and unspaced aspen stands in northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 2277–2283.
Comeau, P.G., C.N. Filipescu, R. Kabzems and C. DeLong. 2009. Growth of white spruce underplanted beneath spaced and unspaced aspen stands in northeastern B.C. – 10 year results. For. Ecol. Manage. 257: 1087–1094.
DeLong, C. 1997. Operational considerations for underplanting hardwood stands with white spruce. B.C. Min. For., Prince George Forest Region, Prince George, B.C. Notes No. PG-11.
Duffy, P.J.B. and Z. Nemeth. 1965. Plantations of white spruce under aspen on different soils, Foothills section, Alberta. The Rocky Mountain House plantations-Establishment Report, project A-83. Department of Forestry, Calgary, Alberta.
Duffy, P.J.B. and Z. Nemeth. 1967. Plantations of white spruce under aspen on different soils mixedwood section, Alberta. The Athabasca plantations – Establishment report, 1966.
Dyck, J.R. 1994. Converting aspen stands to white spruce-aspen mixedwoods by planting and seeding, Manitoba. Nat. Res. Can., Can. For. Serv., Winnipeg, MB.
Jones, C.G., J.H. Lawton and M. Shachak. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69: 373–386.
Legendre, P. and M.J. Anderson. 1999. Distance-based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecological Monographs 69: 1-24.
Macdonald, S.E. and T.E. Fenniak. 2007. Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting. For. Ecol. Manag. 242: 34-48.
Man, R. and V.J. Lieffers. 1999. Are mixtures of aspen and white spruce more productive
than single species stands? For. Chron. 75: 505–513.
McCune B. and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon.
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN). http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/theme_modules/borealforest/index.html
R Development Core Team. 2009. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org
Wang, B.S.P and K.W. Horton. 1968. An underplanting experiment with white pine and white spruce seedling and transplant stock. For. Chron. 44: 36–51.
Anderson, M.J. 2005. PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Comeau, P.G., C.N. Filipescu, R. Kabzems and C. DeLong. 2004. Early growth of white spruce underplanted beneath spaced and unspaced aspen stands in northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 2277–2283.
Comeau, P.G., C.N. Filipescu, R. Kabzems and C. DeLong. 2009. Growth of white spruce underplanted beneath spaced and unspaced aspen stands in northeastern B.C. – 10 year results. For. Ecol. Manage. 257: 1087–1094.
DeLong, C. 1997. Operational considerations for underplanting hardwood stands with white spruce. B.C. Min. For., Prince George Forest Region, Prince George, B.C. Notes No. PG-11.
Duffy, P.J.B. and Z. Nemeth. 1965. Plantations of white spruce under aspen on different soils, Foothills section, Alberta. The Rocky Mountain House plantations-Establishment Report, project A-83. Department of Forestry, Calgary, Alberta.
Duffy, P.J.B. and Z. Nemeth. 1967. Plantations of white spruce under aspen on different soils mixedwood section, Alberta. The Athabasca plantations – Establishment report, 1966.
Dyck, J.R. 1994. Converting aspen stands to white spruce-aspen mixedwoods by planting and seeding, Manitoba. Nat. Res. Can., Can. For. Serv., Winnipeg, MB.
Jones, C.G., J.H. Lawton and M. Shachak. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69: 373–386.
Legendre, P. and M.J. Anderson. 1999. Distance-based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecological Monographs 69: 1-24.
Macdonald, S.E. and T.E. Fenniak. 2007. Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting. For. Ecol. Manag. 242: 34-48.
Man, R. and V.J. Lieffers. 1999. Are mixtures of aspen and white spruce more productive
than single species stands? For. Chron. 75: 505–513.
McCune B. and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon.
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN). http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/theme_modules/borealforest/index.html
R Development Core Team. 2009. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org
Wang, B.S.P and K.W. Horton. 1968. An underplanting experiment with white pine and white spruce seedling and transplant stock. For. Chron. 44: 36–51.
Contact Information
Erica Graham
MSc. Candidate, Forest Biology and Management
Department of Renewable Resources
University of Alberta
[email protected]
Disclaimer: This website was created as part of a class exercise for RenR 690 by Erica Graham.